Fragmentation in technology is a problem often fueled by obsolescence.
Fragmentation causes on computer systems:
Developers will need to do more tests with their software. Companies will try not to break compatibility with previous versions. And everything is happening in an accelerated trend of new releases every few months. Apple is going too fast releasing a new system upgrade every year. As most of the releases are not well polished, there has not been one good release after Snow Leopard, and that was years ago. Consumers are trying to keep up-to-date with security updates while fighting bugs and incompatibilities of the system with their old hardware.
Fragmentation causes on Android:
Until manufacturers of phones stop adding bloatware and modifying the system for each model they decide to launch, the huge fragmentation we see will continue, mostly fueled by the programmed obsolescence in the manufacturers' plans. It seems that Nexus is the only Android able to upgrade without problems. And to root the phone to install a third party OS is not a solution for most people.
Fragmentation causes on iOS:
Yes, fragmentation exists on iOS too. Although Apple is great to keep old iPhones and iPads up to date releasing the upgrades for old hardware, these updates are not as optimized as previous versions, are slowing down the devices and are introducing other bugs. That's the main reason people decide not to upgrade. Sometimes the upgrade doesn't introduce new features in old hardware, making the upgrade pointless, so few will take the risk.
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